By Michael Horsley, Sherwin Keith
The 2 linked topics of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics are mixed during this e-book to supply the reader with an easy-to-follow textual content which emphasizes the fundamental coherence of the cloth.
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5(b). It can be assumed that if this boundary is drawn to include a large enough region, any steam leaving the kettle would remain within this region and the total mass of fluid would be unchanged. Under these circumstances, boundary B defines a closed system. In fact, boundary B embraces a more general closed system than boundary A since it makes allowance for the different states that the water can exist in. Clearly, the drawing of the boundary of a closed system is essential in defining that system.
5. v Temperature and its measurement The aims of this chapter are: • to repeat that temperature and heat are related but quite separate thermofiuid properties; • to review the concept of temperature as a thermofiuid property; • to introduce some of the more common techniques for measuring temperature; • to indicate the range of principles and properties used in thermometers and to illustrate some features; • to emphasize the importance of calibration of thermometers; • to look at some sources of errors in temperature measurement.
This is exactly what the thermocouple does to act as a thermometer. A thermocouple at its simplest is two wires of different metals. The wires are kept separate, such as by insulation, except at their ends where they are fixed firmly together. 5). 5 The thermocouple and its beads. 1 Some thermocouple material pairs Materials Iron-constantan ehromel-alumel Platinum - pIa tinum/rhodium Temperature range -200°C to +800 oe -200°C to + 1100 °e ooe to + 1400 0 e Comment Fairly cheap; suitable for reducing atmospheres Most widespread use; not good in reducing atmospheres Relatively expensive but can be taken to 1600 e for spot readings 0 Notes: Constantan is a nickel-copper alloy.