By David Ashley
A first-rate textual content for classical social conception. so much chapters concentrate on one theorist and supply either a social and an old viewpoint. Analyzes the impression of race, category, and gender at the improvement of classical idea. Discusses the influence of post-modernism on classical thought.
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Extra resources for Sociological Theory: Classical Statements
Example text
On the other hand, as the neoLamarckian idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics lost ground, the notion of selection in the struggle for existence correspondingly acquired increasing importance as the only feasible alternative environmental cause of organic transformation. But the concept of a struggle for existence in nature had, from Darwin’s work onwards, been susceptible to more than one interpretation. In its broadest and loosest sense the ‘struggle’ for survival was waged by organisms against their inorganic conditions of life (for example, a plant in the desert) by one species against another (for example, prey against the predator), as well as between the different individuals of the same species.
For the agency that Gramsci looked to, to act in the modern world, was not the great individual but the party. ‘The protagonist of the new Prince could not in the modern epoch be an individual hero, but only a political party’ (Gramsci 1971, 147). Gramsci’s main political and theoretical efforts were therefore centred upon the building of a revolutionary party, the ‘modern prince’, that would be capable of rising to the challenge of the structural, organic crisis of Italian capitalism (Gramsci 1971, 169).
Rather he posits a dialectical relationship between cultural and natural evolution, whereby an important part of the ‘natural’ environment within which humans compete for survival is culturally constructed, such that cultural structures will act as part of the context within which natural selection takes place. 4. George Bernard Shaw suggested that Darwin ‘had the luck to please everybody with an axe to grind’ (Baumer 1977, 359). 5. Darwin himself commented that the connection made by many Germans ‘between socialism and evolution by natural selection’ was a ‘foolish idea’ (Weikart 1998, 1).