By Bronwyn H. Hall
Economists study the genesis of technological switch and the methods we commercialize and diffuse it. The economics of estate rights and patents, as well as purposes, also are surveyed via literature studies and predictions approximately fruitful study instructions. - volumes, to be had as a set or bought separatelyExpert articles ponder the simplest how you can determine optimum incentives in technological development technological know-how and innovation, either their theories and purposes, are tested on the intersections of undefined, coverage, and social welfare. Economists are just a part of an viewers that comes with legal professionals, educators, and an individual fascinated by new applied sciences.
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Extra resources for Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Volume 1, Volume 1 (Handbooks in Economics)
Sample text
Of the many examples one could elaborate upon here, the career of Rene´ Re´aumur (1683–1757) is telling as the epitome of the Enlightenment ideals. Although one of the most recognized scientists of his day (he was a distinguished mathematician and president of the French Acade´mie Royale), his reputation today has been eclipsed by others. Yet in his day he worked on a variety of problems concerning the nature of iron and steel (he was first to suggest the chemical properties of steel), on problems of porcelain and glazing; he showed the feasibility of glass fibers and suggested that paper could be made from wood; carried out a huge research program on entomology and farm pests, egg incubation, and worked on meteorology and temperature measurement (hence the now defunct temperature scale still named after him).
German chemists succeeded in developing indigotin (synthetic indigo, perfected in 1897) and a series of other dyes. Outside artificial dyes, the most noteworthy discoveries were soda-making, revolutionized by the Belgian Ernest Solvay in the 1860s and explosives, where dynamite, discovered by Alfred Nobel, was used in the construction of tunnels, roads, oil wells, and quarries. If ever there was a labor-saving invention, this was it. Ch. 2: The Contribution of Economic History to the Study of Innovation and Technical Change: 1750–1914 31 The alleged German advantage in chemicals was based on the scientific lead they had enjoyed since the path-breaking work in Giessen and Go¨ttingen in the 1820s and 1830s.
The leader of Britain’s Cleveland steel district was Isaac Lowthian Bell, himself a distinguished scientist, who pleaded incessantly for a greater emphasis on science in British steel industry. “The way in which he combined business and science was unusual in Victorian Britain: nevertheless, his abilities as chemist, mineralogist, and metallurgist challenge the view that the economy at that time was run only by empiricists” (Tweedale, 2004). Britain’s concern with losing its technological leadership here was to a great deal misplaced.