By Eero Sjostrom
Wood Chemistry, basics and purposes, moment Edition, examines the elemental rules of wooden chemistry and its strength functions to pulping and papermaking, wooden and wooden waste usage, pulping by-products for construction of chemical substances and effort, and biomass conversion.
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Extra info for Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals and Applications
Example text
A prerequisite for oxirane formation is ob viously coplanarity and trans position of the reacting groups. Oxirane inter mediates are probably formed during alkaline hydrolysis of polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. 5 Esters The hydroxyl groups of sugars can form esters both with organic and inorganic acids. The phosphate esters, such as D-glucose 6-phosphate, are important natural products and key intermediates in the biosynthesis and bioconversion of various carbohydrates. For example, O-acetylated mono saccharide units are common in plant polysaccharides and sulfated D-galactopyranosyl units are present in carrageenans of algae.
Simple alkyl glycosides are most easily prepared by treating the free sug ars with the corresponding alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (Fig. 2-15). Even though pure sugar anomers are often used as starting materials, a mixture of furanosides and pyranosides is obtained because mutarotation is much faster than glycosidation. Furanoses form glycosides more readily than pyranoses, whereas pyranosides are thermodynamically more stable than the furanosides. Consequently, both furanosides and pyranosides may be prepared under kinetic and thermodynamic control.
Examples of incompletely solved problem areas are the exact molecular weight and polydispersity of native cellulose and the d i mensions of the microfibrils. Cellulose is a homopolysaccharide composed of ß-D-glucopyranose units which are linked together by (1 —» 4)-glycosidic bonds (Fig. 3-5). Cellulose molecules are completely linear and have a strong tendency to form intraand intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Bundles of cellulose molecules are thus aggregated together in the form of microfibrils, in which highly ordered (crystalline) regions alternate with less ordered (amorphous) regions.