By Fernando Arenas
The heavily entwined histories of Portugal and Brazil stay key references for figuring out developments-past and present-in both nation. for that reason, Fernando Arenas considers Portugal and Brazil on the subject of each other during this exploration of adjusting definitions of nationhood, subjectivity, and utopias in either cultures. studying the 2 international locations' shared language and histories in addition to their cultural, social, and political issues of divergence, Arenas pursues those definitive adjustments in the course of the nation-states of literature, highbrow proposal, pop culture, and political discourse. either Brazil and Portugal are topic to the industrial, political, and cultural forces of postmodern globalization. Arenas analyzes responses to those tendencies in modern writers together with Jos? Saramago, Caio Fernando Abreu, Maria Isabel Barreno, Verg?lio Ferreira, Clarice Lispector, and Maria Gabriela Llansol. eventually, Utopias of Otherness indicates how those writers have redefined the concept that of nationhood, not just via their funding in utopian or emancipatory explanations comparable to Marxist revolution, women's liberation, or sexual revolution, but additionally by way of moving their recognition to replacement modes of conceiving the moral and political geographical regions. Fernando Arenas is affiliate professor within the division of Spanish and Portuguese reviews on the college of Minnesota. he's coeditor (with Susan Canty Quinlan) of Lusosex (Minnesota, 2002).
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Portugal is now a full-fledged member of the European Union, having entered the EU together with Spain in 1986, and has undergone a process of democratization and modernization. Portugal has now become virtually unrecognizable given the changes that have occurred in the last twenty-five years. Its entrance into the European Union has ultimately been of enormous benefit not only for Portugal’s material development, particularly in the realm of infrastruc- Portugal 9 tures (transportation, telecommunications, ports, hospitals, schools, and universities), but also in the realm of mentalities and national selfesteem (Mário Soares, “Portugal depois do ‘fim do império’: Balanços e perspectivas para o Próximo Milénio,” 171).
Brazil, in spite of its racial and cultural heterogeneity as well as territorial vastness, presents itself as a highly unified nation-state. This stable national unity can be attributed to the rigidly centralized colonial administration; the level of economic integration achieved during colonial times, which was further consolidated after independence (Ribeiro, O povo brasileiro); and the enduring power of patriarchal family structures (Freyre, Casa-grande e senzala), together with a substantial degree of political coercion over time.
This movement—heavily influenced by liberal-socialist ideas in circulation throughout Europe at the time—had an acute and painful awareness of the enormous cultural and technological gap that existed between modern Europe and Portugal (or the Iberian Penisula as a whole). The Geração de 70 caused great scandal at the time but was also aware of its limitations in terms of the degree of impact it had on the larger Portuguese society. Its efforts ultimately did not result in any lasting concrete political change.