By R. N. Swanson
The election of either city VI and Clement VII to the papacy in 1378, by means of a similar physique of cardinals, offered the church with an it sounds as if insoluble constitutional trouble. Dr Swanson examines the response to this case from a hitherto unconsidered viewpoint: that of the colleges to whom Europe became to formulate the theories which might resolve the matter. He examines the makes an attempt through the lecturers to realize help for his or her numerous schemes and exhibits how those produced clash at quite a few degrees: in the neighborhood, among factions inside person universities; nationally, among rival universities, and among universities and their ecclesiastical and secular superiors; and across the world, because the universities followed at the same time particular attitudes and sometimnes clashed with their very own popes. The concluding chapters exhibit how the teachers ultimately devised the conciliarist formulation which ended in the convocation of the Council of Pisa in 1409.
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To this end, successive popes had sought to control the previously spontaneous growth of universities by judicious grants of the various privileges which they claimed that they alone could confer, until the theory developed that only popes could create such studia generalia. 18 The universities were also seen as institutions with a vital role for evangelising the infidel, to which end the Council of Vienne in 1311 prescribed the establishment of chairs in oriental languages in some of the leading universities 19 - although it is doubtful if this decree and the theory behind it were actually implemented.
129; F . Lopes [ed. M. Lopes de Almeida and A. de Magalhaes Basto], Cronica de D. , Oporto, 1945-49), vol. 2, p . 5. Lopes, Cronica, vol. 1, p . 401. 77 ibid. , vol. 1, p . 423. Several exiled academics appear on the rotulus to Clement VII dated for 1388 which is printed in Moreira de Sa, Chartularium, n o . 413. Cartulaire de Vuniversite de Montpellier (2 vols. and supplement, Montpellier, 18901912), vol. 1, p . 580. 34 A matter of loyalty Orleans (as well as Paris) had declared for him against Clement VII,80 but it seems more probable that the Roman pope was actually referring to the not inconsiderable number of supporters which he retained at least in Orleans and Paris during the first years of the dispute.
8 Ch. , no. 1608; G. Ritter, Studien zur Sp'dtscholasti\, I: Marsilius von Inghen und die o\\amistische Schule in Deutschland, Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 12, part 4 (Heidelberg, 1921), pp. 23-5. 9 Ch. , nos. 1607, 1609-11. 10 On the definition as a schism, see Salembier, Pierre d'Ailly, p. 49; and on the legal aspect, Ullmann, Origins, pp. xi-xiii. 4 23 A matter of loyalty election of Urban VI had been illegal, that the papacy was therefore vacant, and that Clement VII (when elected) was the only true successor to Gregory XL Faced with this situation, the only possible reaction to the question of legitimacy and allegiance was to consider it in legal terms.