By Yves Laumonier
Fifteen years in the past, nearly part the realm inhabitants was once anticipated to reside in continental and insular South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines). Then the quarter had a inhabitants progress of 4 million humans each month, and the matter of malnutrition was once acute for the agricultural inhabitants. overseas agricultural improvement businesses made up our minds that their fundamental goal will be to double current degrees of agricultural construction and, taking account of inhabitants development, to double it back by way of the tip of the century (Whyte 1976). this day, whereas international concerns have vastly affected the parameters of the matter, the placement is still either critical and tough. regardless of awesome efforts in schooling and future health, Indonesia for instance, the place inhabitants (179 hundreds of thousands) progress eased off purely a bit among 1980 and 1990 (from 2. three percentage to one. nine percent), is having to deal with expanding problems in handling ordinary assets and especially its evanescent wooded area resources which, till 1986, have been the second one greatest resource of nationwide profit. Indonesia has the second one biggest floor region of tropical rain forests on this planet (after Brazil) and hence the entire difficulties associated with administration and disappearance of these forests. the most recent estimate offers a determine of 109 million hectares of woodland in 1990, of which forty. eight million hectares are construction forests (Anon. -F AO 1990).
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Extra resources for The Vegetation and Physiography of Sumatra
Sample text
East coast island. and the other is dominated by Mt. Hulupalik (2450 m) further north. The southern part is formed of Neogene sediments. To the west of the Suoh depression, there are mainly andesites and granitic intrusions. The littoral plain is narrow (Krui), but further north, the Neogene belt be- comes larger again, where the interior consists mainly of tuffs (Ketaun) and vast swampy plains which were formed close to the coast after part of the base crumbled. In the northern part, the granitic outcrop becomes larger.
Parvifolia, species which are abundant elsewhere, but also mentioned Dipterocarpus gracilis , a species capable of surviving relatively high water deficit. The floristic composition of the grasslands was described by Ranger (1985). Further west, our observations were made on a forest which was being exploited in 1979 and which has since completely disappeared. A detailed analysis of this forest-type will be given later, but it should be noted that Dipterocarpus gracilis, Shorea guiso and Anisoptera costata were abundant and seemed to be gregarious.
The top layer consists of incompletely mineralised plant decay whose fibrous structure is still visible. Deeper down the substratum changes from semi-decomposed, hemic to sapric. Horizons can eventually be determined by the degree of decomposition of the organic matter. These soils cover huge areas on the east coast; they are also to be found, in a less developed state, in certain depressions on the west coast. A zonation of the vegetation develops, related to the differences in thickness of the accumulated peat, and therefore to the age, nutrient content and acidity of the soil formation.