By Gary R. Gamble
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The first peak occurs at temperatures between t25 and 135 °C, the second at 180-190 °C. With the decreasing percentage of polymer in PFCM, the height of the first peak decreases and of the second increases. For the standard polymer-filler mixture, there is only one peak at 125-135 °C. By microcalorimetric analysis it was found that the first peak corresponds to the endo- and the second to the exo-effect. The first maximum is due to polymer melting, the nature of the second is not altogether clear except that it must be associated with the fine aspects of the structure and morphology of the polymer on the mineral particle surfaces in PFCM.
The breaking stress may be evaluated using the formula proposed by Pegeaut [159]: 0"x = k'fff[1 - o'f(o'~"zm)-1] Vf + tr~nVm, (28) where ax is the breaking stress under tension directed along the orientation; a is the mean characteristic ratio for the scales; rm is shear strength of matrix. The value of k' depends on the packing pattern of the scales and varies from 1/2 for symmetrical packing to 2/3 for the staggered packing. 6 Effect of Filler Particle Size and Shape on the Rheological Properties of Composites Particle size and shape have a strong effect on the rheological properties of materials as well, viscosity among them.
In composites containing more than 30% by mass of polymer, submolecular structures have been detected [294, 297]. The resultant morphological picture depends both on the polymer film thickness and the type of filler used. For example, for perlite (foamed volcanic glass) the prevalent process was the incipience and growth first of globular and then columnar structures; for kaolin and tufa a small number of spherical structures. In thicker polymeric coats (polymer content of more than 30% by mass) one can clearly see small cracks.