By Bo N.J. Persson
Sliding friction is among the oldest difficulties in physics and definitely probably the most very important from a pragmatic viewpoint. the power to supply sturdy low-friction surfaces and lubricant fluids has turn into an immense think about the miniaturization of relocating elements in lots of technological units, e.g. magnetic garage, recording platforms, miniature vehicles, and aerospace parts. This ebook offers a extensive evaluation of friction and an in-depth remedy of numerous primary and similar subject matters. This monograph might be important to physicists, chemists, fabrics scientists, and engineers who are looking to comprehend sliding friction. The booklet (or components of it) shape the root for a latest undergraduate or graduate path on tribology. the writer has been venerated by way of the Volvo prize (1981), the Walter-Schottky prize (1996), and the toilet Yarwood Memorial Medal (1998). New themes coated during this moment version comprise nanoindentation, put on in combustion engines, results of humidity, rolling and sliding of carbon nanotubes and the friction dynamics of granular materials.
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Additional resources for Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications
Sample text
Lm so that about 1000 junctions are expected at the block-substrate interface. Brittle Fracture Some solids, such as glass, when exposed to large stresses und ergo brittle fracture accompanied by very little plastic deformation. Brittle fracture is due to minute crack-like defects. Although the ideal strength is very high far a glassy solid whose atoms are held together with strong bonds, the severe stress concentration at sharp cracks reduces this strength to ordinary observed low values. The local tensile stress at an atomically sharp crack tip is proportional to (l/a)1/2 where I is the width of the crack and a an atomic dimension.
DA is the contact area, or the projected area of the impression at the surface. 1 gives the penetration hardness (Tc for a number of different materials. Note that "hardness" is completely unrelated to the elastic properties of a material. Thus rubber, for example, is elastically very soft but plastically hard. Metals, on the other hand, are elastically very hard but can be plastically relatively soft. , dislocations). Thus, even a relatively high concentration of imperfections usually has negligible influence on the elastic modulus E, whereas it will affect the plastic yield stress (Tc.
50 5. Area of Real Contact: Elastic and Plastic Deformations and the total load Now, most engineering surfaces, such as those in Fig. , where l is the rms width of the prob ability distribution cJi(z). However, for what follows it does not matter whether the distribution is exactly Gaussian: the only important feature of the height distribution is that the number of asperities of a given height falls off rapidly with increasing height. (z-d) , where d - Zo A = -l2-. 'LA 5/2) . 'LL l From this equation it is dear that d - Zo is very insensitive to variation of the load Land the number of surface asperities N (which is proportional to the total surface area), and in most practical cases the separation d - Zo will be rv 2l - 3l.