By Joseph Needham
As Dr Needham's massive venture gathers momentum it's been came across essential to subdivide volumes into elements, each one to be certain and released individually. the 1st a part of quantity four, already released, bargains with the actual sciences; the second one with the varied functions of physics within the many branches of mechanical engineering; and the 3rd will take care of civil and hydraulic engineering and nautical expertise. With this a part of quantity four, then, we come to the appliance by way of the chinese language of actual rules within the keep an eye on of forces and within the use of strength; we pass the frontier isolating instruments from the computer. we now have already spotted that the traditional chinese language proposal of chhi (somewhat just like the pneuma of the Greeks) asserted itself prominently in acoustics; yet we find right here that the chinese language tendency to imagine pneumatically was once additionally answerable for an entire variety of incredible technological achievements, for instance, the double-acting piston-bellows, the rotary winnowing-fan, and the water-powered metallurgical blowing-machine (ancestor of the steam-engine); in addition to for a few striking insights and predictions in aeronautics.
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Additional info for Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
Sample text
Markham, pp. ). Any results were probably due to its irritant diuretic and purgative effects (Sollmann (1), p. 692). But it proved to be useful for making gear-wheels and bearings (cf. p. 499 below). j See Vol. I, pp. , and on the specific topics, Sects. 26i, 30, 32, 27i (pp. 44off, below), and 31. a b 27, 8 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING China. lVloreover, as the home of the stern-post rudder a as well as the compass, that culture had also had a hand in the geographical discoveries, (1) and their corollary (6).
Sects. 30d, 37 and 48 below. . e. in literature and classIcallearrung. a 'ii 27· MECHANICAL ENGINEERING II could have done nothing, and not seldom it was from them that ingenious inventors and capable engineers rose up to leave particular names in history. A brief discussion of the role of the technical workers in feudal-bureaucratic society seems therefore indispensable here. This belongs, it is true, to the 'social background' which Sect. 48 will study, but we find it irresistibly obtruding itself here as part of the foreground.
I2 Some relatives, such as hao 13,14 to call out :oo:s a. An elaborate treatment has been given by Schimank (r) '""'f St b' , White (7), p. 160. 'Ailnoth ingeniator' London + IIS7' SI' '() rau (1), pp. 131, 133; Lynn b Cf. the Fang ChhSng 15 chapter of 'the Cmu 'Chan ' a zman I! p. 1 I. calculation; cf. Vol. 3, p. 26 above. :g Soon Shu, whIch deals with certain forms of C The most classical expression for a machine is ' "" terms is chi cmeh,17 or sometimes chm chieh 18 Th ~ stra~e contnvanc~ (:hh~ chh, 16).