By Benedetta Brevini (auth.)
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Additional resources for Public Service Broadcasting Online: A Comparative European Policy Study of PSB 2.0
Example text
There is also a broad consensus on the overall ‘marketizing’ character (Humphreys, 1996: 174) of EU broadcasting policies (Katsirea, 2008; Michalis, 2007; Harcourt, 2005). As Murdock and Golding (1999) put it: over the last decade and a half, the terms of the debate about the future of European Communications and the balance of power between the main actors involved in its reconstructions have shifted decisively under the impact of two parallel movements: the ascendancy Theorizing Public Service Broadcasting Online 27 of marketization policies within both the European Union and its major member states and accelerating convergence of the computing, telecommunications and audiovisual industries.
It is Mouffe (1999), with her notion of ‘agonistic democracy’ (1999),11 who explains that ‘the main question of democratic politics is not how to eliminate power, but how to constitute forms of power that are compatible with democratic values’ (Mouffe, 1999: 753). Here the ‘conflictual dimension’ of Gramsci (1996) becomes relevant, as Mouffe A Normative Framework for PSB 41 asserts that ‘every consensus exists as a temporary result of a provisional hegemony, as a stabilization of power and that always entails some form of exclusion’ (Mouffe, 1999: 756).
Harcourt claims that all EU institutions ‘have played a decisive role in shaping both the development of national media markets and the direction of national media policies’ (Harcourt, 2005: 193). For Humphreys, while the level of convergence in the EU has been stronger in telecoms policy, broadcasting policy has also converged: ‘in responding to the challenges of adapting regulation to technological change […] there was pressure on Member states to adopt a pragmatic, technocratic problem solving rather than a politicized, bargaining approach to negotiations’ (Humphreys, 2006: 326).