By Carlo Panara, Michael R. Varney
This paintings considers the function of neighborhood executive in thirteen european Member States (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the uk. The ebook goals to supply an account of the process of neighborhood executive in all of the international locations studied besides a serious and contextual method of the extent of autonomy that neighborhood govt enjoys. The procedure is comparative, in accordance with a questionnaire which all the authors thought of. there's then a close end to the booklet which bargains a close precis and comparative research of the responses so that it will higher reflect on the position of neighborhood gurus because the ‘fourth point’ of governance within the ecu. The ebook goals to supply an in depth advent to and account of every method of neighborhood executive which can entice these looking an outline of the realm, but in addition a severe and contextual technique that may be of curiosity to these actively getting to know within the components of neighborhood and nearby govt or EU-central-local executive kinfolk. The ebook comprises info of reform in neighborhood govt as much as November 2012, together with an research of the effect of austerity measures on neighborhood autonomy the place those became major.
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Example text
849/2003. Austria 19 Association of Towns and the Austrian Association of Municipalities. 137 According to the consultation mechanism, a consultation must take place between the Federation, the Länder and the municipalities if one of these parties intends to adopt legislation that would impose financial obligations on the other. 139 Furthermore, municipalities require authorisation from the supervisory authority (Land government) to take out loans. The criteria taken into account by the Länder for granting permission to take out loans are the purpose of the loan and the income of the municipality.
Gamper, Local Government in Austria, p. 24. 155 “The Federation, the Länder, and the municipalities must aim at the securement of an overall balance and sustainable balanced budgets in the conduct of their economic affairs. ” 156 Explanation report to Government Bill 1516 (Regierungsvorlage), XXIV, legislation period; introduced by the Ministry of Finance. 157 The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, Local and Regional Democracy in Austria, Report, p. 147. Austria 23 different levels of government.
Given the differences in municipalities’ revenues, an appropriate equalisation scheme is of particular importance. 140 From a comparative perspective, municipalities have little leeway regarding taxes raised through the exercise of their own competence. They are not allowed to set the rates or to introduce new taxes. The type of taxes, the tax bases, and most of the tax rates, are determined either by Land or by federal law. 7 Associations of local Pursuant to Art. 141 The latter represents larger cities, whilst the former represents all other municipalities.