By Harry W. Paul
France has performed a pivotal function within the improvement of recent technology. in particular remarkable and debatable has been the best way the nation has geared up medical exercise. After the Eighties reinvigorated collage schools performed a key function within the development of technological know-how in France, and lots of college scientists loved shut relatives with undefined, agriculture, the army, and politics. in the course of the 3rd Republic the belief of governmental accountability to aid study grew to become a dogma, because of the stimulus that technology was once appeared to provide to the French financial system. by means of 1939 a operating mechanism of kingdom investment for technological know-how, buttressed by way of a posh medical ideology, had come into life and supplied the principles for the improvement of a brand new constitution of medical study and schooling within the postwar period. From wisdom to strength is the 1st full-scale remedy of this dramatic enlargement of French technology among 1860 and 1939.
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Extra resources for From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860-1939
Sample text
21 Perhaps he was inhibited by the inherent dullness of his typical subject matter, but the scientist rarely ran into such problems. Apart from the stellar example of Cauchy - tax-farmer Lavoisier must be left aside - French scientists have a remarkable record of being faithful servants of the state and have had little difficulty in changing allegiances to regimes; of course, the nature of French politics in the nineteenth century with its giddy change of regimes might have encouraged such prudence.
In 1867 Duruy, a far less Draconian minister than Fortoul, proudly noted this significant development during the Second Empire. Thirty doctors were giving specialized courses in the faculty of medicine. About ten other professors had just been authorized to give courses in the sciences and in letters at the Sorbonne. These courses were all regular courses in higher education, very different from the 900 public lectures given all over France during 1867. Duruy made a point of emphasizing that the emperor and the country favored the development of private education in all 23 FROM KNOWLEDGE TO POWER forms and at all levels, just as they supported public education.
Mice adopted it for his course in chemistry and toxiology at Bordeaux. The rector reported this to the ministry in 1875, noting the problem involved. Even the best-prepared students, medical students who had the baccalaureat es lettres and the baccalaureat es sciences (either complet or restreint), had some trouble in making the transition from enseignement secondaire classique to higher education. The situation was similar for the first-class pharmacy students. What was an advantage for students exclusively in the physical sciences was a disadvantage for those aiming at other careers.