By D.C. Wright
A desirable perception into why polymer items fail, and the way we will study from the error of the earlier. This publication describes a few of the mechanisms of polymer degradation, and illustrates each one failure mechanism with a few case experiences. This e-book was once written with the help of the united kingdom division of alternate and undefined. it really is meant to elevate expertise of the motives and effects of polymer product disasters, which will lessen the long run incidences of such mess ups, and their significant expenses to undefined.
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Additional info for Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products - Causes, Effects and Case Studies Involving Degradation
Sample text
38 Thermo-oxidation It also follows that predicted durability values based upon the extrapolation of shortterm (inexpensive) tests are generally suspect. For example the OIT for pipe grade polybutylene was monitored [10] over a wide temperature range (220 °C to 140 °C) and therefore a wide range of test durations (OIT = 3 hours to 5000 hours). The gradient of the log10 (OIT) versus log 10 (reciprocal absolute temperature) plot reduced from 212 kJ/mol at the highest temperature to 108 kJ/mol at the lowest temperature.
Hot chlorinated water comes into contact with highly stressed crack tips which then leads to localised degradation, crack growth and eventually through-thickness splitting. This may be safely described as an example of stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Thermo-oxidative chain scission is the dominant degradation mechanism. 6 The bore of a failed PB hot water pipe 45 Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products supplies as a disinfectant at typically ~ 1 ppm) accelerates this mechanism by providing a source of highly reactive nascent (atomic) oxygen via a secondary dissociation reaction: The potential power of this oxidising medium is partially determined by the concentration of chlorine in the water.
Thin PVC film (containing phthalate and chlorinated paraffin plasticisers) and LDPE films are prone to degradation and embrittlement when in prolonged contact with hot water cylinders, and their use should only be contemplated in such situations if customers can accept what are effectively ‘cosmetic’ changes rather than catastrophic failures. 2. Plasticised PVC film should be used in preference to LDPE because of its longer life expectancy. Another argument in favour of PVC is that, increasingly, fire retardant grades are being specified and it is much easier to achieve good retardancy with PVC compounds.