By Ben Offiler
US overseas coverage and the Modernization of Iran examines the evolution of US-Iranian relatives in the course of the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon. It demonstrates how successive administrations struggled to exert impact over the Shah of Iran's regime household and overseas coverage.
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Additional resources for US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah
Example text
54 The need to reassure the Iranian monarch of American willingness to support him was to be a persistent feature of US–Iranian relations during Kennedy’s 1,000 days in office. Indicating the significance Kennedy placed upon Iran, the distinguished statesman Averell Harriman was instructed to give the country considerable attention in his role as ambassador at large. In spite of his shrewd intelligence, the Shah was also nervous by nature. In a six-hour meeting with the Shah, Harriman “laid at rest his fears” that any warming in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union would leave Iran exposed to communist subversion.
These tensions, epitomized by the Komer–Holmes dispute, show the limitations of modernization as a guiding principle for the Kennedy administration. Clearly, modernization theory’s unilinear explanation of history was accepted by many Kennedy policymakers. However, this did not mean that modernization was enthusiastically adopted as the most effective strategy available; the variety of opinions within Washington meant it did not always determine the direction of the Kennedy administration’s policy.
While British efforts to gain American support for a coup had always been met with firm resistance by the Truman administration, the idea of toppling Mossadeq was enthusiastically embraced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, director of the CIA, Allen Dulles. 60 The plotters also colluded with General Fazlollah Zahedi, who would replace Mossadeq as prime minister, and Ayatollah Mostafa Kashani, a former ally of Mossadeq whose large following among the religious working classes proved vital to the coup’s success.