The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern by Othmar Keel

By Othmar Keel

This pioneering paintings that first seemed in 1972 in German used to be the 1st to check the conceptual global of a biblical e-book with historical close to japanese iconography. Eisenbrauns' English version of Keel's vintage paintings offers the twenty first century student together with his groundbreaking method. Generously illustrated with images and line drawings.

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The "springs" are fed in a remarkable manner by the hands of the winged disc, which thus appears as source of all life ("Thou openest thine hand . . " Pss 104:28; 145:16). Here the winged disc is primarily a symbol of the heavens, less so of the sun. The conjuring priests at right and left secure the process by their gestures and words, detracting somewhat from the sovereignty of the sky god. The fish costume links the figure at the left to Ea, mysterious god of the depths (cf. 43, 285). The plaited pattern and the triangles which border the picture are not directly related to the bitter flood and the island-mountains (cf 8 ) as has sometimes been thought.

Enlil (EUil) controls the earthly region, and Anu (An) is the sky god. Compared to the apsil, the sea (tamtu) and the world of the dead (arallu) play a rather limited role in this context. Fig. 32 shows the characteristically Egyptian triad: Nut, Geb, and the Duat. Osiris, who receives the ship of the evening sun, embodies the Duat. A mat (in other representations a costly carpet) is affixed to the bow of the boat. " The surface of the earth is represented by the recumbent figure of the earth god Geb.

The innermost may signify the sea, the outermost the mountains of the horizon. The text outside the circle informs us that the heavenly ocean begins beyond the outer ring. The heavenly ocean is called khhw-Hr, the "cool" or "upper waters of Horus," the sky god. The surrounding wall may represent the "firmament" which contains the upper waters. The Egyptian knew no more about the nature of the celestial vault than did the Israelite. He knew only that it had to be capable of restraining the waters of the heavenly ocean, and that it must therefore have had a structure similar to a wall or dam (Ps 33:7).

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