By Kim D Reimann
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Additional info for The rise of Japanese NGOs : activism from above
Sample text
The other state policy that has been important for NGO emergence and growth is direct financial support through subsidies and grants, usually through foreign aid-related programs. Over the course of the postwar period, states have set up foreign aid programs that often include support of NGO activities overseas and at international organizations. Such direct sponsorship of NGOs is perhaps the most obvious form of support of activism from above by states, and those with longerstanding and more generous public assistance to NGOs have more active and larger-scale NGOs.
Germany Incorporation laws for nonprofits vary by Länder, but most involve a simple registration process. The state reserves the right to check applications, but the process is generally viewed as easy. Tax exemptions: Tax exemption on income is generally granted to groups that pursue public benefit activities broadly defined. Exempt on business activities related to nonprofit work. Exception: income from commercial activity that exceeds €30,678 a year. Since the early 2000s, there has been an ongoing debate about revising laws governing the public benefit associations.
Schofer and Longhofer 2006; Smith and Wiest 2005) While suggestive, however, these studies have mainly concentrated on showing correlations and do not identify or theorize the mechanisms through which IGO growth has led to NGO growth. My model does this and argues that two particular dimensions of international political opportunity have greatly contributed to recent NGO growth: (1) international resources in the form of grants, contracts and other kinds of institutional support; and (2) political access to international decisionmaking bodies and agenda-setting arenas.