By Chris Sheridan
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It is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to customize class creation. The arguments are those passed to the class constructor expression. As a special constraint on constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a TypeError to be raised at runtime. It is not guaranteed that __del__() methods are called for objects that still exist when the interpreter exits. last_traceback keeps the stack frame alive). Refer to the documentation for the gc module for more information about how __del__() methods are handled by the cycle detector, particularly the description of the garbage value.
The Boolean type is a subtype of the integer type, and Boolean values behave like the values 0 and 1, respectively, in almost all contexts, the exception being that when converted to a string, the strings “False” or “True” are returned, respectively. The rules for integer representation are intended to give the most meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations involving negative integers. Python does not support single-precision floating point numbers; the savings in processor and memory usage that are usually the reason for using these is dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of floating point numbers.
When an instance method object is created by retrieving a class method object from a class or instance, its __self__ attribute is the class itself, and its __func__ attribute is the function object underlying the class method. f(x, 1). f(1) is equivalent to calling f(C,1) where f is the underlying function. It is also important to note that user-defined functions which are attributes of a class instance are not converted to bound methods; this only happens when the function is an attribute of the class.