By G. M. Bartenev
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Example text
As the solubility of mercury in zinc is extreme ly small the character of the ductile flow as a mass property of the ma terial does not change b u t the brittle strength is sharply reduced: the break acquires a typically brittle character (Fig. 19, facing p . 25). O n Fig. 20 are shown the values of strength and deformation at break of the monocrystals of zinc in melts of tin and lead. Even small additions of surface-active tin (lead is a weak surface-active 36 Strength and Failure of Visco-elastic Materials substance in relation to zinc) causes a sharp reduction in the strength and a transition from a ductile failure to a brittle one.
23) contain, for instance, the empirical constants a, β, UQ and others. ^^^^^ The derivation of an equation for the breaking time, taking into account the variation of β presents considerable difficulty. The circumstances that the m a i n contribution of β to the durability (breaking time) lasts only dur ing the initial period of the growth of the crack, when the coeffi cient β has had no time to change materially, is some justification for the use of β = const, in the calculations. 13. Apphcation of the Oscillation Theory of Strength to Solid Polymers The investigations which have been carried out in recent years on the time dependence of the strength of solid polymers enable the physical significance of the constants UQ, ω and β, in eqns.
In the p a p e r s ^ γ is regarded as a structural constant which takes into account the heterogeneity of the stress distribution along the chains in the mass of the polymer. Its size is determined by the mechanism of stress redistribution amongst the chains. Thus the authors, following W. K u h n and H . Kuhn,^io2) ρ β ^ ^ . che^^^^^ and others, suggest that the most highly stressed chains in the mass of the polymer break selectively. This mechanism of failure of polymers has repeatedly been criticized^ and contradicts the observed mechanism of failure of polymers through the develop ment of cracks and other heterogeneities in the material.