By Virginia Bernhard
Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782, deals a clean viewpoint at the complicated dating among racism and slavery within the usually ignored second-oldest English colony within the New international. because the first blacks have been introduced onto the islands no longer particularly for slave exertions, yet for his or her services as pearl divers and cultivators of West Indies crops, Bermuda's racial historical past started to spread a lot otherwise from that of the Caribbean islands or of the North American mainland.
Bermuda's background documents the arriving of the 1st blacks, the 1st English legislation handed to manage the habit of the "Negroes," and the production of ninety-nine-year indentures for black and Indian servants. while the inevitable truth of slavery took carry in Bermuda, slaveholders learned that they, like their slaves, weren't loose. Slavery dictated and strained the relationships among whites and blacks, yet during this smallest of English colonies it differed from slavery in different places end result of the uniquely shut master-slave kin created by way of Bermuda's measurement and maritime economy.
At merely twenty-one sq. miles in region, Bermuda observed slaves and slaveholders operating and residing nearer jointly than in different societies. The emphasis on maritime goals provided slaves a level of autonomy and a feeling of id unequaled in different English colonies. This groundbreaking background of Bermuda's slavery finds fewer runaways, less-violent rebellions, and comparatively milder punishments for offending slaves.
Bernhard delves into the origins of Bermuda's slavery, its unusual nature, and its results on blacks and whites. The research is predicated on archival learn drawn from wills and inventories, legislation and proceedings, governors' experiences and council mins. meant as an creation to either the heritage of the islands and the wealthy assets for additional learn, this booklet will end up worthy to students of slavery, in addition to these attracted to old archaeology, anthropology, maritime historical past, and colonial history.
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Extra resources for Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782
Sample text
The map shows five churches and 138 houses scattered over the eight tribes. The five churches may be too many. 57 Since the population in 1622 was about 1,500, 138 houses would have meant an average of more than 10 people per house. It is likely that some of these dwellings were shared by more than one family in the early years. St. George’s, the center of government, had 11 houses; Hamilton Tribe had 14, Smith’s, 10; Devonshire, 15; Pembroke, 19; Paget, 10; Southampton, 13; Warwick, 8; and Sandys, 16.
Hannah Dando’s birth date is not recorded. She married in 1632. See A. C. , Early Bermuda Records, 1619–1826: A Guide to the Parish and Clergy Registers with Some Assessment Lists and Petitions (Pembroke, Bermuda: Juniperhill Press, 1991), 19. The list of workers is in Robert Rich’s letter to Nathaniel Rich, March 1617/1618, in Ives, Rich Papers, 81–82. First Colonists 13 Besides working the land, Nathaniel Rich’s tenants, like Bermuda’s other tenants, also had to contribute their labor to the colony’s public workforce.
68. Hopes for windfall profits from pearls were never realized, though a few defective pearls were found in Bermuda oysters in the 1620s. Lefroy, Memorials, 1:159–60; see also Kenneth R. Andrews, The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder, 1530–1630 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), and Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972). 20 Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda which Mr.