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Extra resources for Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence in Urban Areas: Programming Note (Conflict and Fragility)
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Percentage of persons with fear perception 13. Reported sexual offenses per 100 000 population 15. Child abuse rate per 1 000 persons under 18 years of age 17. Allegations of domestic/family violence per 100 000 population In the next phases, the project will strengthen institutional capacity to collect and monitor data on these indicators, collect and synthesise best practices in the region and disseminate this information regularly via the various agencies and a website. id=RG-T1265 (project description).
2276-80. Fawole, Olufunmilayo, et al. (2003), “Interventions for Violence Prevention Among Young Female Hawkers in Motor Parks in South-Western Nigeria: A Review of Effectiveness”, African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 71-82. Galtung, Johan (1996), Peace By Peaceful Means, International Peace Research Institute (PRIO), Oslo. Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence in Urban Areas: Programming Note – © OECD 2011 56 – Bibliography Gaviria, Alejandro (1998), Increasing Returns and the Evolution of Violent Crime: The Case of Colombia, University of California Press, San Diego.
There are no direct causes of violence; rather, there are characteristics of an individual’s biology, personality and environment that impose stresses, which increase the risk that he or she will perpetrate or experience violence. The accumulation of these stresses, or risk factors, is associated with an increased tendency of being a victim or a perpetrator of violence. Protective factors, on the other hand, can be understood characteristics of an individual and his/her environment that strengthen the capacity to confront stresses without the use of violence (WHO, 2008).