By Dorothy M. Needham
Initially released in 1971, this can be an account of the centuries of scan and hypothesis that experience resulted in our figuring out of ways muscular tissues paintings. The publication strains the entire advancements within the box considering that 1600 and devotes exact realization to the breakthroughs made within the final century. It considers the character of the muscle desktop and its gasoline, in addition to the tricky rules of strength provide below diversified stipulations. It additionally examines the very diversified types of muscle and the results of a few ailments on their constitution and serve as. ultimately it exhibits how the strength metabolism first elucidated for the mechanical paintings of muscle has been came upon to provide an explanation for many of the different kinds of labor performed via cells, as in gentle construction, secretion, ionic shipping and electric discharge. The biochemistry of muscle, carbohydrate metabolism and phosphorylations used to be the author's selected box of analysis for over 40 years.
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Additional resources for Machina Carnis: The Biochemistry of Muscular Contraction in its Historical Development
Sample text
Such experiments were first done by Helmholtz (1) in 1847 measuring, by means of thermocouples, heat production with excised frog muscle; he found this to rise upon stimulation for 2 to 3 minutes, and was satisfied that contraction heat was really produced in the muscle and was not due to increased blood flow to the muscle. With regard also to the site of oxidation Georg v. Liebig (1) in 1850 used muscles from frogs which, while living, had been injected with distilled water to remove blood. He found carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption to be similar in these muscles to that in muscles from frogs with normal circulation; he concluded that carbon dioxide was formed from part of the oxygen absorbed as a living activity of the muscle outside the body.
Foster (1) and Wilson (2)) have felt that they strongly suggest he had made microscopic observations. Walter Charleton (1) a few years earlier had said 'The flesh is of such a nature as to yield easily to the pneuma coming in,'2 and Stensen too was clear that thefleshypart of thefibresalone, and not the tendinous part, was concerned in contraction. 3 Up to this time it was tacitly assumed that the contracted muscle, hard to the touch and appearing swollen, had increased in volume. Charleton4 however, in 1658, had expressed the view that its breadth increased as its length diminished and so the volume was unchanged.
The first two millennia 13 rushes, the blood to the milk itself and the flesh to the cheese. For as cheese is made from milk, so isfleshfrom blood. 1 Vesalius abandoned the idea of flesh as the organ of sensation, deciding from his own observations that this faculty is seated in the skin. , is composed of the substance of the ligament or tendon divided into a great number of fibres and of flesh containing and embracing these fibres. It also receives branches of arteries, veins and nerves, and by reason of the presence of the nerves is never destitute of animal spirits so long as the animal is sound and well.