By Adela Yarbro Collins
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Xenophon's Memorabilia is a new genre that combines a judicial defense, the apology of Socrates, with recollections, a collection of philosophical conversations. Plato's Apology of Socrates is simply a judicial speech, but one that gives a great deal of biographical detail. The striking thing about these innovations, especially the Memorabilia of Xenophon, is that a new biographical genre was devised to write what must be characterized by the modern critical historian as fiction! 47 Similarly, the authors of Matthew, Page 23 Mark, Luke, and John wished to create, not a portrait of the critically reconstructed historical Jesus, but a narrative that expressed the significance of Jesus for his actual and potential followers.
The other is the Plutarchean type, a straightforward chronological account of events. These two types are related to the Greek distinction between history (historia) and erudition (archaeologia or philologia: translated by the Romans as antiquitates note the use of the second term by Josephus in the title of his history of the Jewish people). History was defined as an account of political and military events in chronological order. Erudition involved explanation and discussion of personal names, religious ceremonies, and other topics in systematic arrangement.
The similarity in the level of literary sophistication and even of style between some of these works and Mark is indeed striking. The argument that Greco-Roman lives are of too high a literary level to have been models for Mark does not hold. As noted earlier, Vielhauer argued that most Greco-Roman biographies cited as models for Mark were later than the first gospel. The works discussed by Aune are earlier than those cited by Schulz, whom Vielhauer criticized. 8), the Life of Aesop, and the Life of Homer attributed to Herodotus are most likely to be earlier than Mark.