By Mary Louise Flint
Integrated regulate of pests was once practiced early during this century, good ahead of an individual notion to name it "integrated keep an eye on" or, nonetheless later, "integrated pest administration" (IPM), that is the topic of this publication by way of Mary Louise Flint and the overdue Robert van den Bosch. USDA entomologists W. D. Hunter and B. R. Coad urged an analogous ideas in 1923, for instance, for the keep watch over of boll weevil on cotton within the usa. In that software, chosen pest-tolerant types of cotton and residue destruction have been the first technique of regulate, with pesticides consid ered supplementary and for use simply while a measured prevalence of weevil harm happened. Likewise, plant pathologists had additionally constructed sickness administration courses incorporating varietal choice and cul tural systems, besides minimum use of the early fungicides, comparable to Bordeaux combination. those and different tools have been practiced good prior to sleek chemical keep an eye on expertise had constructed. Use of chemical insecticides improved significantly during this century, before everything slowly after which, following the launching of DDT as a commonly profitable insecticide, with speedily expanding momentum. In 1979, the President's Council on Environmental caliber suggested that creation of artificial natural insecticides had elevated from under part 1000000 kilos in 1951 to approximately 1.4 billion pounds-or approximately 3000 instances as much-in 1977.
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Leaves so damaged at the bud become malformed and develop larger holes as they grow. However, by the middle of July, all leaves have popped out of their buds, and the budworm, at any density level, cannot inflict economic damage during the month remaining until harvest. Thus, economic levels have to be constantly adjusted in time according to the development or condition of the resource. Likewise, accurate estimates of natural enemies must be made. Quite often a pest population boom to near-damaging levels will evoke a rapid WHAT IS A PEST?
_' /'''\ ~1 \ ..... /'\ ,'\ ~I I " \ ..... J " , "'" \ / \ , , ' I "I ' \ ..... /' > FIGURE 3-8. Equilibrium position above economic injury level; this is a constant pest requiring constant pest control action. Such constant pest control intervention can actually keep populations at a new modified equilibrium level. This modified equilibrium level should not be confused with a permanent lowering of the equilibrium level, as is illustrated in Figure 3-3. In this case, as soon as action is halted, pest populations will rise rapidly.
Likewise, accurate estimates of natural enemies must be made. Quite often a pest population boom to near-damaging levels will evoke a rapid WHAT IS A PEST? 39 response in its natural enemies and other elements of natural control that exert heavier pressures on increasing densities of the pest population, and a sudden crash of the pest population to a level below its equilibrium level will result. In this way the pest may be kept below economic levels in most places with no human action necessary.