By M.A. Jervis
Over the earlier 3 a long time there was a dramatic bring up in theoretical and useful reports on insect common enemies. The allure of insect predators, and parasitoids particularly, as study animals derives from the relative ease with which many species could be cultured and experimented with within the laboratory, the straightforward existence cycles of so much parasitoids, and the expanding call for for organic pest control.
There is now a major literature on insect average enemies, so there's a nice desire for a normal textual content that the enquiring pupil or study employee can use in selecting methods and strategies which are applicable to the learn and review of such bugs. This ebook fulfils that call for. A significantly up to date and multiplied model of a prior best-seller, it's an account of significant features of the biology of predators and parasitoids, punctuated with info and recommendation on which experiments or observations to behavior, and the way to hold them out. suggestions is equipped, the place worthy, at the literature that may wish to be consulted on specific topics.
While researchers can now discuss with a number of books on parasitoids and predators, bugs as average Enemies is exclusive in emphasising practicalities. it truly is aimed toward scholars operating in universities and either executive and advertisement institutes within the fields of pest administration, agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
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Additional resources for Insect Natural Enemies: Practical Approaches to Their Study and Evaluation
Sample text
Van Lenteren (1976) addressed this question from the standpoint of causation. He assumed that superparasitism was caused by a failure to discriminate. Van Lenteren found that females of L. heterotoma inexperienced with unparasitised hosts readily oviposited in already parasitised hosts but avoid ovipositing in parasitised hosts after they have been able to oviposit in unparasitised ones. He concluded from this that parasitoids superparasitise because they are unable to discriminate between parasitised and unparasitised 35 hosts until they have experienced oviposition in unparasitised hosts.
Heterotoma is able to discriminate between hosts containing different numbers of eggs. There is, however, a second possible interpretation: when the parasitoid is able to distinguish hosts containing an egg of her own from those containing eggs of conspecifics and avoids ovipositing in the former, regular egg distributions would result. Therefore, it is impossible to decide, on the basis of egg distributions alone, whether a parasitoid is able to assess the number of eggs already present in a host.
Schmidt and Smith concluded that wasps are able to alter progeny allocation by measuring short time intervals. Interestingly, the length duration of initial transit was found to be the same for both large and small wasps (Schmidt and Smith, 1987b, 1989). Large-sized gregarious parasitoids (and solitary parasitoids, for that matter) are likely to measure host size in other ways, for example by determining whether the tips of the antennae reach certain points on the host's body (whether the stimuli the wasps respond to are tactile, visual or both, needs to be established), or by simple visual examination of the whole host.