World Bank Economic Review by World Bank Publications

By World Bank Publications

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For Korea the results are much less satisfactory. There is weak evidence for the self-selection hypothesis and no evidence for the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. Aw, Chung, and Roberts claim that the weak results for Korea could be explained by the country's export policies, among other factors. Firms' decisions to enter the export market are linked more closely to their access to government promotion policies than to their ex ante productivity levels. This discussion of Korea brings policy into the picture.

Thus the form of knowledge diffusion is important. Rivera-Batiz and Romer focus on symmetric countries. 5 In Grossman and Helpman's framework inputs are differentiated horizontally, and additional varieties developed by the research sector raise the productivity of the final-goods sector. The research technology is similar to that in Rivera-Batiz and Romer's knowledge-driven economy in that productivity depends on cumulative R&D stocks. An open country can use world R&D experience: if spillovers are global in scope, foreign R&D will have the same effect on productivity as domestic R&D.

If self-selection is the impor- 16. Harrison (1996); Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison (1997); and Haddad and Harrison (1993). 17. A key element missing from these studies, however, is an examination of the impact on downstream industries and overall economic welfare or growth. For example, if there is FDI in accounting services, although the domestic accounting sector may be adversely affected, productivity and welfare in the economy may rise. On this point see also Lall (1999). Page 10 tant explanation, then a firms' initial productivity should be higher when they enter the export market than firms that stay out.

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