By J. T. Davies
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Additional resources for Turbulence Phenomena. An Introduction to the Eddy Transfer of Momentum, Mass, and Heat, Particularly at Interfaces
Sample text
45) is shown on the left side of Fig. l-17a. 46) which shows that φ depends only slightly on μ and ρ. Hence, by Eq. 43), Ap for turbulent flow depends only slightly on μ, but more strongly on density. The variation of φ with Re is shown in Fig. 1-17 for various systems. Since φ = T0/Qvm2, Eq. 47) or substituting for Re in Eq. 48) This dependence of r 0 on i;^75 is characteristic of skin friction for turbulent flow. The pressure drop [which is directly proportional to τ 0 according to Eq. 13)] also varies as i^ 75 for smooth pipes.
V0/vx, one may estimate l/vx+ from Eq. 4 % y += 1000, 28 1. 0 y/a FIG. 1-13. Experimental data for vx/v0 and vy'/v0 as function of y/a for turbulent pipe flow of air. It is seen that vy'/v0 is never far from unity except very close to the solid wall. The axial component vx increases toward the wall: only very close to the wall (at y+ = 15) does vx pass through a maximum before decreasing to zero at y = 0. The condition of isotropy (vx = vy) is approached in the central part of the pipe. , vy lies between 4% and 5% of vm.
Rough Plates If the roughness elements are of height e less than 100ν/%Γ, the plate behaves as if smooth. 14 in Eq. 69)]. Entry Effects in Pipes 47 The thickness of the turbulent boundary layer for a rough plate becomes more or less independent of % r . 26e(x/e)2/3 The total drag on a rough plate varies as Λ:0·65 to x0·75, compared with the variation as JC0·80 for smooth plates: the upstream part of the plate exerts a considerable drag, retarding the fluid so that the drag on the plate further downstream is less than it would otherwise be.