By Jörg Rinklebe, Anna Sophia Knox, Michael Paller
Many wetlands worldwide act as sinks for toxins, specifically for hint parts. compared to terrestrial environments, wetlands are nonetheless some distance much less studied. A collaborative attempt between international specialists, this e-book brings the present wisdom bearing on hint parts in transitority waterlogged soils and sediments jointly. It discusses elements controlling the dynamics and unlock kinetics of hint components and their underlying biogeochemical techniques. It additionally discusses present applied sciences for remediating websites infected with hint metals, and the function of bioavailability in probability evaluate and regulatory selection making. This e-book is meant for pros around the globe in disciplines concerning contaminant bioavailability in aquatic organisms, contaminant destiny and shipping, remediation applied sciences, and danger evaluate of aquatic and wetland ecosystems.
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Health Part A, 39(8), 1925–1935, 2004�) 24 Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments Organic matter in sediments has been shown to stimulate bacterial methylation that converts inorganic mercury into methylmercury (Compeau and Bartha, 1984)� The formation of soluble methylmercury in anaerobic sediments by obligate anaerobic bacteria in wetlands serves as a source of bioavailable Hg� Sulfate-reducing bacteria are key participants in the methylation of Hg� The rate of Hg methylation is coupled with the rate of sulfate reduction (King et al�, 2001)� Methylation enhances the mobility and bioavailability of Hg� The extremely low solubility and formation of H2S help in preventing methylation (Frohne et al�, 2012)� Demethylation is another speciation process in wetland soils and sediments� There are several pathways that are used when methylmercury is demethylated� Oxidative demethylation is a dominant process in anaerobic sediments� Demethylaiton of methylmercury (to elemental mercury and methane) occurs at high redox potentials (110 mV) in sediments (Compeau and Bartha, 1984)� Demethylation is an important transformation in the aerobic or moderate aerobic zone in soils and sediments� The dynamics of the methylation and demethylation of Hg in sediments is a key factor in the flux of methylmercury in wetland and floodplain soils (Rinklebe et al�, 2010)� REFERENCES Compeau, G�C�, and R� Bartha� 1984� Methylation and demethylation of mercury under controlled redox, pH and salinity conditions� Appl Environ Microbiol� 48: 1203–1207� DeLaune, R�D�, A� Jugsujinda, I� Devai, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 2004� Relationship of sediment redox conditions to methylmercury in surface sediment of Louisiana Lakes� J Environ Sci Health Part A 39(8): 1925–1935� Dowdle, P�R�, and R�S� Oremland� 1998� Microbial oxidation of elemental selenium in soul slurries and bacterial cultures� Environ Sci Technol� 32: 3749–3755� doi:10�1021/es970940s� Frohne, T�, J� Rinklebe, R�A� Diaz-Bone, and G� Du Laing� 2011� Controlled variation of redox conditions in a floodplain soil: Impact on metal mobilization and biomethylation of arsenic and antimony� Geoderma 160: 414–424� doi:10�1016/j-geoderma�2010�10�012� Frohne, T�, J� Rinklebe, U� Langer, G� Du Laing, S� Mothes, and R� Wennrich� 2012� Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils� Biogeosciences 9: 493–507� doi:10�5194/bg-9-493-2012� Gambrell, R�P� 1994� Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A review� J Environ Qual� 23(5): 883–891� Gambrell, R�P� 2013� Total metal analyses and extractions� In: DeLaune, R�D�, K�R� Reddy, C�J� Richardson, and J�P� Megonigal (eds�), Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands� SSSA Book Series, no� 10� pp� 775–799� Gambrell, R�P�, R�A� Khalid, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1980� Chemical availability of mercury, lead and zinc in Mobile Bay sediment suspensions as affected by pH and oxidation-reduction conditions� Environ Sci Technol� 14: 431–436� Gambrell, R�P�, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1988� The influence of redox potential on the environmental chemistry of contaminants in soils and sediments� The Ecology and Management of Wetlands: Ecology of Wetlands, volume 1� Portland, OR: Timber Press, pp� 319–333� Gambrell, R�P�, C�N� Reddy, and R�A� Khalid� 1983� Characterization of trace and toxic metals in sediments of a lake being restored� J Water Poll Con Fed� 55(9): 1201–1210� James, B�R� and R�J� Bartlett� 1983� Behavior of chromium in soils: VII, adsorption and reduction of hexavalent form� J Environ Qual� 12: 177–181� Krauskoft, K�B� 1967� Introduction to Geochemistry� New York: McGraw-Hill Book, p� 721� King, J�K�, J�E� Kotska, M�E� Frischer, F�M� Saunders, and R�A� Jahnke� 2001� A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments is based on the community composition and activity of sulfate reducing bacteria� Environ Sci Technol� 35(12): 2491–2496� Masscheleyn, P�H�, John H� Pardue, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1992� Chromium redox chemistry in a Lower Mississippi Valley bottomland hardwood wetland� Environ Sci Technol� 26(6): 1217–1226� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991a� Arsenic and selenium chemistry as affected by sediment redox potential and pH� J Environ Qual� 20(3): 522–527� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991b� Biogeochemical behavior of selenium in anoxic soils and sediments: An equilibrium thermodynamics approach� J Environ Sci Health Part A 26(4): 555–573� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991c� Effect of redox potential and pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil� Environ Sci Technol� 25(8): 1414–1419� Physicochemical Factors Controlling Stability of Toxic Heavy Metals and Metalloids 25 Masscheleyn, P�H�, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1993� Biogeochemical processes affecting selenium cycling in wetlands� Environ Toxicol Chem� 12: 2235–2243� Pentrakova, L�, K� Su�, M� Pentrak, and J�W� Stucki� 2013� A review of microbial redox interactions with structural Fe in clay minerals� Clay Miner.
P. 22 – 0. 8 Critical redox potential for Cr(VI) reduction in bottom hardwood soil� (Data from Masscheleyn, P�H� et al�, Environ. Toxicol. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 39(8), 1925–1935, 2004�) 24 Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments Organic matter in sediments has been shown to stimulate bacterial methylation that converts inorganic mercury into methylmercury (Compeau and Bartha, 1984)� The formation of soluble methylmercury in anaerobic sediments by obligate anaerobic bacteria in wetlands serves as a source of bioavailable Hg� Sulfate-reducing bacteria are key participants in the methylation of Hg� The rate of Hg methylation is coupled with the rate of sulfate reduction (King et al�, 2001)� Methylation enhances the mobility and bioavailability of Hg� The extremely low solubility and formation of H2S help in preventing methylation (Frohne et al�, 2012)� Demethylation is another speciation process in wetland soils and sediments� There are several pathways that are used when methylmercury is demethylated� Oxidative demethylation is a dominant process in anaerobic sediments� Demethylaiton of methylmercury (to elemental mercury and methane) occurs at high redox potentials (110 mV) in sediments (Compeau and Bartha, 1984)� Demethylation is an important transformation in the aerobic or moderate aerobic zone in soils and sediments� The dynamics of the methylation and demethylation of Hg in sediments is a key factor in the flux of methylmercury in wetland and floodplain soils (Rinklebe et al�, 2010)� REFERENCES Compeau, G�C�, and R� Bartha� 1984� Methylation and demethylation of mercury under controlled redox, pH and salinity conditions� Appl Environ Microbiol� 48: 1203–1207� DeLaune, R�D�, A� Jugsujinda, I� Devai, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 2004� Relationship of sediment redox conditions to methylmercury in surface sediment of Louisiana Lakes� J Environ Sci Health Part A 39(8): 1925–1935� Dowdle, P�R�, and R�S� Oremland� 1998� Microbial oxidation of elemental selenium in soul slurries and bacterial cultures� Environ Sci Technol� 32: 3749–3755� doi:10�1021/es970940s� Frohne, T�, J� Rinklebe, R�A� Diaz-Bone, and G� Du Laing� 2011� Controlled variation of redox conditions in a floodplain soil: Impact on metal mobilization and biomethylation of arsenic and antimony� Geoderma 160: 414–424� doi:10�1016/j-geoderma�2010�10�012� Frohne, T�, J� Rinklebe, U� Langer, G� Du Laing, S� Mothes, and R� Wennrich� 2012� Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils� Biogeosciences 9: 493–507� doi:10�5194/bg-9-493-2012� Gambrell, R�P� 1994� Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A review� J Environ Qual� 23(5): 883–891� Gambrell, R�P� 2013� Total metal analyses and extractions� In: DeLaune, R�D�, K�R� Reddy, C�J� Richardson, and J�P� Megonigal (eds�), Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands� SSSA Book Series, no� 10� pp� 775–799� Gambrell, R�P�, R�A� Khalid, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1980� Chemical availability of mercury, lead and zinc in Mobile Bay sediment suspensions as affected by pH and oxidation-reduction conditions� Environ Sci Technol� 14: 431–436� Gambrell, R�P�, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1988� The influence of redox potential on the environmental chemistry of contaminants in soils and sediments� The Ecology and Management of Wetlands: Ecology of Wetlands, volume 1� Portland, OR: Timber Press, pp� 319–333� Gambrell, R�P�, C�N� Reddy, and R�A� Khalid� 1983� Characterization of trace and toxic metals in sediments of a lake being restored� J Water Poll Con Fed� 55(9): 1201–1210� James, B�R� and R�J� Bartlett� 1983� Behavior of chromium in soils: VII, adsorption and reduction of hexavalent form� J Environ Qual� 12: 177–181� Krauskoft, K�B� 1967� Introduction to Geochemistry� New York: McGraw-Hill Book, p� 721� King, J�K�, J�E� Kotska, M�E� Frischer, F�M� Saunders, and R�A� Jahnke� 2001� A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments is based on the community composition and activity of sulfate reducing bacteria� Environ Sci Technol� 35(12): 2491–2496� Masscheleyn, P�H�, John H� Pardue, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1992� Chromium redox chemistry in a Lower Mississippi Valley bottomland hardwood wetland� Environ Sci Technol� 26(6): 1217–1226� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991a� Arsenic and selenium chemistry as affected by sediment redox potential and pH� J Environ Qual� 20(3): 522–527� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991b� Biogeochemical behavior of selenium in anoxic soils and sediments: An equilibrium thermodynamics approach� J Environ Sci Health Part A 26(4): 555–573� Masscheleyn, P�H�, R�D� DeLaune, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1991c� Effect of redox potential and pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil� Environ Sci Technol� 25(8): 1414–1419� Physicochemical Factors Controlling Stability of Toxic Heavy Metals and Metalloids 25 Masscheleyn, P�H�, and W�H� Patrick, Jr� 1993� Biogeochemical processes affecting selenium cycling in wetlands� Environ Toxicol Chem� 12: 2235–2243� Pentrakova, L�, K� Su�, M� Pentrak, and J�W� Stucki� 2013� A review of microbial redox interactions with structural Fe in clay minerals� Clay Miner.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press� Golladay, S�W�, Battle, J�, 2002� Effects of flooding and drought on water quality in Gulf coastal plain streams in Georgia� J Environ Qual� 31: 1266� Graham, A�M�, Bouwer, E�J�, 2010� Rates of hexavalent chromium reduction in anoxic estuarine sediments: pH effects and the role of acid volatile sulfides� Environ Sci Technol� 44: 136–142� 14 Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments Hobbelen, P�H�F�, Koolhaas, J�E�, van Gestel, C�A�M�, 2004� Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution for detritivores in floodplain soils in the Biesbosch, The Netherlands, taking bioavailability into account� Environ Pollut� 129: 409–419� Husson, O� 2013� Redox potential (Eh) and pH as drivers of soil/plant/microorganism systems: A transdisciplinary overview pointing to integrative opportunities for agronomy� Plant Soil� 362: 389–417� Kalbitz, K�, Solinger, S�, Park, J�H�, Michalzik, B�, Matzner, E�, 2000� Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: A review� Soil Sci� 165: 277–304� Kalbitz, K�, Wennrich, R�, 1998� Mobilization of heavy metals and arsenic in polluted wetland soils and its dependence on dissolved organic matter� Sci Total Environ� 209: 27–39� Khaokaew, S�, Landrot, G�, Sparks, D�L�, 2016� Speciation and release kinetics of cadmium and zinc in contaminated paddy soils� In: Rinklebe et al� (eds�), Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments.