By Reed R.C.
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This assumption is considered further in Chapter 2. Thus following ref. 12) In order to help in the comparison of different material classes, it is helpful to normalise T by the melting temperature, Tm , and γ˙ by DTm / 2/3 , where DTm is the diffusivity at the melting temperature and is the atomic volume. 13) where γ˙ is the dimensionless shear strain rate. One can see that the most important dimensionless groups are the homologous temperature, T /Tm , and the combination Q v /(RTm ). Also relevant is the normalising parameter, DTm / 2/3 .
8. One can see that the variation in the liquidus induced by each alloying element i does not correlate with its melting temperature. For example, W and Ta (which lie next to each other in the periodic table) 40 The physical metallurgy of nickel and its alloys Fig. 7. Ni–Al binary phase diagram calculated using the Thermo-Calc software and a database of thermodynamic parameters. increase and decrease the liquidus temperature by about +5 K/at% and −5 K/at% of solute, respectively. The element Re, however, is notable for its strong positive influence on the liquidus temperature.
30 Cu Pt Co Sc In Sb Sn γ′ 20 Cr Fe Mn V Mo,W Al Ta Hf,Nb,Zn Ti 10 Ga 50 40 30 Si Ge X 20 10 Ni Fig. 12. Superimposed ternary phase diagrams Ni–Al–X [9], illustrating the great effect of X on the extent of the γ phase field. a constant Al fraction and providing confirmation that substitution for Ni on the first of the two sublattices is preferred. Elements such as Ti and Ta promote fields parallel to the Al–X axis, and thus they replace Al on the second sublattice. Only rarely, for example, for Cr, Fe and Mn, is mixed behaviour observed.