By Eugene B. Skolnikoff
Eugene Skolnikoff treats the jobs of technological know-how and expertise around the whole diversity of family members between countries, together with safeguard and financial concerns, environmental questions, overseas monetary competitiveness, the unfold of guns know-how, the death of communism, the recent content material of dependency kin, and the not easy new difficulties of nationwide and overseas governance. He indicates how the constitution and operation of the clinical and technological businesses have interacted with foreign affairs to guide to the dramatic evolution of global politics skilled during this century, fairly after international conflict II. Eugene Skolnikoff treats the jobs of technological know-how and expertise around the complete diversity of family members between countries, together with safeguard and fiscal matters, environmental questions, foreign monetary competitiveness, the unfold of guns expertise, the death of communism, the hot content material of dependency relatives, and the tough new difficulties of nationwide and overseas governance. He exhibits how the constitution and operation of the medical and technological companies have interacted with overseas affairs to guide to the dramatic evolution of global politics skilled during this century, rather after international warfare II.
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Extra info for The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics
Sample text
Barely existing before this century, that influence on technological evolution is now substantial, and it is bound to grow. A second inducement is the expectation of substantial government procurement, particularly in the defense area. 31 The ever-closer marriage of science and technology within industry contributes to that process, by more rapidly advancing the state of knowledge that makes further technological evolution possible. The third inducement is likely to be the most significant for the pace of technological evolution, and for industrial structure and international competitiveness as well.
This is clearly so for applied research and development; but even basic research, not tied to specific applications, is supported largely in the expectation of long-term benefits and in the recognition of its relevance to other policy needs, such as education. At times, especially during the height of the cold war, accomplishment in basic research was also seen as an element in the political competition among states. The role of the state in providing and influencing the nature of the support for r/d thus necessarily ties the scientific and technological enterprises to national goals and biases the processes of technological development toward those goals.
38 Information about technology, by comparison with scientific information, is more susceptible to control; considerable effectiveness is possible in limiting its availability for a period of time. Most companies depend on that time advantage for their ability to secure a profit from their technological developments. Eventually, however, there can be few secrets even in technology: others duplicate the work, the deployment of the technology betrays vital elements, later advances lessen the importance of earlier work, secrets are leaked intentionally or through covert action, or in some cases the mere knowledge that something has been done is enough to make replication possible.