By John M. Harris
It is well known that spiral grain in timber seriously reduces the worth of sawn bushes via warping and lack of energy, and that it additionally motives difficulties for different wooden makes use of as various as transmission poles or plywood. but, mockingly, there are hugely valued grain styles together with wavy and interlocked grain, whose origins within the cambium invite direct comparability with these of spiral grain, in order that many gurus think them to be similar phenomena. lately this idea has caused huge examine into the anatomy, genetics, and body structure of all such grain styles in wooden. for that reason it has develop into obvious that tree cambia supply very good structures in which to check the origins of stem polarity and the advanced approaches of morphogenetic keep watch over in crops. Beside those and different urgent issues for examine, the e-book examines tools of measuring grain deviations, and considers their impact on wooden homes, at the economics of trees construction, and on wooden manufacturing.
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Extra info for Spiral Grain and Wave Phenomena in Wood Formation
Example text
The coloured solution, applied as a transverse line drawn across a tangential wood surface, spreads rapidly up and down the fibres producing a series of fine lines in the grain direction. 3 Dye Injection laking the ink test one stage further, dyes injected into the sapwood have been used to detect grain patterns in live seedlings (Northcott 1957) and standing trees (Vite 1958, 1959, 1967, Vite and Hendrickson 1958, Rudinsky and Vite 1959, Kozlowski and Winget 1963, Kozlowski et al. 1967). 3. 4 Radioactive Tracers Radioactive tracers 42K (Keller et al.
Photo H. G. Heimcke-Hemrning) 36 Measuring Grain Angle was said to be approximately 1° greater than the angle of the grain at the wood surface. 6 Pick Test The pick test involves pulling at a small bundle of fibres to produce a line of separation along the grain. For large cants in the rough-sawn condition, surface splinters can be pulled free, or a small splint raised with a fine chisel or sharp screwdriver. However, when this test is used for research purposes, a fine pair of tweezers such as those used by watchmakers, and a wood sample with a moisture content above fibre saturation, can achieve considerable accuracy by removing as few as 30 fibres (Nicholls 1971 a).
With angles in excess of 2°. The pattern developed most commonly if the wood grain is followed from the top to the bottom of a stem is some part (usually between a quarter and three-quarters) of a wave-form. 2 Interlocked Grain Interlocked grain is a more complex grain pattern, but one which has been widely accepted as being directly related to spiral grain because it has the appearance of reversals of spiral direction at more or less regular growth increments across a stem radius. The names by which it has been known at various times reflect this.