By Manas Chanda (auth.)
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Extra info for Science of Engineering Materials: Volume 3 Engineering Properties
Example text
62). When a material is subjected to a shear stress, cquations analogous to those given above will be obtailled except that thc Young's modulus E should be replaced by the shear modulus G, and tensile or comrressive stress a by shear stress T. Since E equals 3G for an incompressible solid (see Eq. 15) and A equals 3YJ (Eq. laxation time for viscous flow also varies with temperature: 42 selENeE OF EN01NIlERINti MATERIALS (1. 65) T, = T,. e QJRT where Q is the activation energy for relaxation and T'I is a constant.
Under dynamic loads toughness is measured by means of an impact test. The most commonly used tests are the Charpy and Izod tests by which the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured. The. two tests differ in the shape of the specimen and in the method of applying the impact. True stress-strain curve: Plastic deformation produces no change in volume. When a material is elongated by plastic deformation its cross-sectional area must thercfore decrease. Since this reduction in area can be appreciable, it is often preferable to employ true stress and true straill when considering plastic deformation.
0.. _ (b) (0) Fig. 4: The deformation of asphalt has both an elastic and a viscous component and it may be represented, on a simplified basis, by the Maxwell model. Formulate an expression to show the variation of stress with time if the material is stretched suddenly and held at a fixed elongation. Let the step function of strain applied be e: o. From Eq. 49) at t = 0, From Eq. 48) the rate of total displacement with time is ( I. 50) Substitution of Eqs. ,fdt = O. (1. 51) 38 SCIENCE OF ENuINFERING MATElllALS Therefore, o = (I/~) da/dt + Solving, Since ~ (Xa (1.