By John V. Simmons
This is often the 1st of 2 volumes meant to hide the whole technological know-how syllabus standards of attractiveness remedy classes in schools and personal colleges, yet may also be a precious reference advisor for the pro. this article considers theoretical and sensible points of the formula and use of cosmetics and toiletries. The content material makes an attempt to provide complete insurance, extending past the fundamental wishes of exam syllabuses to supply a kick off point for project and undertaking paintings. John V. Simmons is a member of the Society of beauty Scientists and has represented the Society at the urban and Guilds good looks remedy Committee on account that 1977.
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Again water should be treated for immediate use. 9 shows a suitable microbiological filter for a laboratory water supply. 9 A microbiological filter employing the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet light (courtesy of Arbour-Tech Ltd) In some areas, particularly where water is drawn from wells and bore-holes, Hard and soft water it is difficult to obtain a lather with soap. This is because the water is hard. Hard water lathers with difficulty with soap and leaves a sticky scum Soft water lathers easily with soap and leaves no scum.
4 shows a river bank pumping station for this purpose. This water is quite likely to be very dirty and highly populated by microorganisms which could make it hazardous to health. 3 A pumping station pumps water from a borehole I I . 4 Pumping water from the River Severn in Shropshire 37 Treatment of water for supplies All the water supplied via the mains to our homes, factories and salons must be 'clean and wholesome'. At a water works it must be filtered to remove solid impurities. 5). It must then be sterilised to kill microorganisms, particularly those which could cause such diseases as tyJ',hoid, cholera and dysentery.
Solubility of solids Solubility is affected by the temperature of the solvent. Solid solutes dissolve more easily and to a greater extent in warm solvent than in cold. The solubility of solids increases with temperature . When, at a particular temperature, a solvent has dissolved the maximum amount of solute it can hold and will dissolve no more, the solution is saturated. If a warm saturated solution is cooled, some solute will be expelled. It will settle out as a solid precipitate. Also, if some ofthe solvent evaporates from a strong or saturated solution, precipitate will settle out.