By John B. West
Greatly thought of the "gold general" textbook for breathing body structure, this compact, concise, and easy-to-read textual content is now in its totally up to date 8th version. New student-friendly gains contain Key issues bins on the finish of every bankruptcy and assessment questions and solutions. A significant other web site will supply the totally searchable textual content, plus animations that illustrate tricky physiologic techniques.
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Extra resources for Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins))
Example text
B. Breathing a 10% oxygen mixture. C. Exhaling from functional residual capacity to residual volume. D. Acutely increasing pulmonary venous pressure. E. Mechanically ventilating the lung with positive pressure. 8. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: A. Depends more on the PO2 of mixed venous blood than alveolar gas. B. Is released in the transition from placental to air respiration. C. Involves CO2 uptake in vascular smooth muscle. D. Partly diverts blood flow from well-ventilated regions of diseased lungs.
If we consider the pulmonary arterial system as a continuous column of blood, the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of a lung 30 cm high will be about 30 cm water, or 23 mm Hg. This is a large pressure difference for such a low-pressure system as the pulmonary circulation (Figure 4-1), and its effects on regional blood flow are shown in Figure 4-8. Figure 4-8. Explanation of the uneven distribution of blood flow in the lung, based on the pressures affecting the capillaries. There may be a region at the top of the lung (zone 1) where pulmonary arterial pressure falls below alveolar pressure (normally close to atmospheric pressure).
Oxygen transfer is normally perfusion limited, but some diffusion limitation may occur under some conditions, including intense exercise, thickening of the blood-gas barrier, and alveolar hypoxia. The diffusing capacity of the lung is measured using inhaled carbon monoxide. The value increases markedly on exercise. The finite reaction rate of oxygen with hemoglobin can reduce its transfer rate into the blood, and the effect is similar to that of reducing the diffusion rate. Carbon dioxide transfer into the blood is probably not diffusion limited.