By Nicholas Atkin
Nicholas Atkin and Frank Tallett provide the 1st one-volume old review of eu Catholicism from the 18th century to 2002. The authors checklist the Church suffering to conform to the hot political panorama ushered in via the French Revolution and express how the formation of kingdom states and identities used to be either helped and hindered by means of the Catholic institution. They painting the Vatican more and more out of step within the wake of global struggle, chilly warfare, and the large enlargement of the constructing global, with its difficulties of inhabitants progress and under-development. this isn't the tale of the Church in all its glory, yet one among edition and alter, of decline and resilience because the Church has replied to social, political, and cultural alterations over the past 250 years.
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His successor, the sixty-six-year-old Innocent XIII (–) had already resigned from his diocese on grounds of ill-health before his accession. Benedict XIII (–) was seventy-five on attaining office and enfeebled. ’11 His successor, Clement XII (–), was seventy-eight, and remained blind and bed-ridden for most of his pontificate. To be fair, individual popes were generally well meaning, and some possessed fine qualities, including wit and charm. The most outstanding was Benedict XIV (–).
Naples (), Parma () and Malta (), under pressure from the Bourbon rulers, rapidly followed suit. Pressure ultimately fell on the papacy to take decisive action. 18 His successor Clement XIV (–), who had been elected precisely because he was thought to be malleable on the subject, was finally obliged to dissolve the whole order in , the text of the decree of abolition, Dominus ac redemptor noster, having been composed for him by the Spanish ambassador. Papal suppression of the Jesuits prompted Maria Theresa to abolish the order in Habsburg lands that same year and to use their confiscated lands and properties to initiate a state-sponsored elementary school system.
In Portugal, around three-quarters of the seculars lacked a permanent benefice but many parishes, especially in the impoverished Serra in the south, had insufficient funds to attract an incumbent. As we shall see, this imbalance between relatively clericalised and under-staffed regions prefigured nineteenthcentury geographical patterns of religious piety and dechristianisation. In terms of social make-up, two observations need to be made about the episcopacy. First, bishops were generally youthful on appointment.