By Manuel M. Mota, Paulo R. Vieira
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt sickness (PWD), is a significant pest and pathogen of woodland tree species, particularly one of the genus Pinus. It used to be first mentioned from Japan first and foremost of the XXth century, the place it grew to become the foremost ecological disaster of pine forests, with losses attaining over 2 million m3/ yr within the Eighties. It has considering the fact that then unfold to different Asian international locations corresponding to China, Taiwan and Korea, inflicting critical losses and fiscal harm. In 1999, the PWN was once first detected within the eu Union (EU), in Portugal, and immmediately triggered numerous govt (national and european) activities to evaluate the level of the nematode’s presence, and to comprise B. xylophilus and its insect vector (Monochamus galloprovincialis) to a space with a 30 km radius within the Set?bal Peninsula, 20 km south of Lisbon. overseas wooden exchange, with its political in addition to financial ramifications, has been heavily jeopardized. The starting place of the inhabitants of PWN present in Portugal continues to be elusive. numerous hypotheses might be thought of concerning pathway research, essentially from normal origins: North the United States or the a long way East (Japan or China). international alternate of wooden items comparable to trees, wood crates, palettes, and so forth. play a huge position within the power dissemination of the pinewood nematode. in reality, human actions concerning the flow of wooden items will be thought of the one most crucial consider spreading of the PWN. regardless of the devoted and concerted activities of presidency companies, this ailment maintains to unfold. Very lately (2006), in Portugal, forestry and phytosanitary specialists (DGRF and DGPC) have introduced a brand new method for the keep an eye on and finally the erradication of the nematode, below the coordination of the nationwide application for the keep watch over of the pinewood nematode (PROLUNP). examine in regards to the bioecology of the nematode and bug in addition to new detection tools, e.g., related to real-time PCR, has improved seeing that 1999. foreign agreements (GATT, WTO) and sharing of clinical info is of paramount significance to successfully keep an eye on the nematode and its vector, and therefore guard our woodland ecosystems and wooded area economic system.
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Extra info for Pine Wilt Disease: A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems
Example text
Hunanensis were inconclusive, and a disease complex was suggested as a possible explanation. , 2003). This bacterium may cause symptoms whether associated with B. xylophilus or B. , 2006). The ability of other species of Bursaphelenchus to carry the bacterium requires further testing, but may be possible. A toxin may also be associated with some strains of the bacterium (Oku, 1988, 1990). There is also the possibility that B. hunanensis is only pathogenic under some circumstances. This may be the case with several species of the genus Bursaphelenchus other than B.
AND KOSAKA , H. (2003). Different developmental responses of virulent and avirulent isolates of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), to the insect vector, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Environmental Entomology 32: 96–102. C. (2005). Potential applications of population viability analysis to risk assessment for invasive species. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 11: 1083–1095. A NDRASSY, I. (1992). A short census of free-living nematodes.
In the context of the incursion of B. hunanensis, a second flight of a vector similar to the presumed original flight was estimated to cost AUD 1 million. This is a substantial cost of delay, and justified at least commencing responses before all data were available. The correct identification of the nematodes to at least genus by the local identification service also facilitated a quick response. Maintaining a degree of awareness of nematodes and some expertise in nematode identification at a local level proved valuable in the present case.