By Professor and Chair of Religious Studies - Islamic Studies Jamal Malik, Gail Minault
This quantity explores the problems of cultural reciprocity among Europeans and South Asians. In doing so, winning assumptions approximately those advanced relationships are tested.
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Extra resources for Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in South Asian History, 1760-1860
Sample text
The reformists increasingly identify Sufism with "popular" religion and "superstition". In Muslim discourse, elements of tariqa category systems might be initiation, affiliation, genealogy, and proofs through miracles and dreams. Shari'a categories would include textual pronouncements (nass), logic, conditions, rulings, etc. It is interesting that the scholars of the Wall Allahi family up to the time of Shah Isma'il Shahid had tended to operate within both systems but had kept them more or less separate in their writings, generally reserving Persian language writings for tariqa-relaied subjects.
In the case of the British, I contend that there was a greater necessity to take into account the complexities of the relationships among the subject peoples or natives, as an instrument of more efficient control and domination. In the dynamics of pow7er the British could demand compliance with all canons of respect. In fact, it was a mark of British authority that their categories should both subsume and override any other ones, as illustrated in the famous anecdote about Mirza Ghalib refusing to serve as Persian master for the British, since according to their regulations he could not be properly greeted by the highest British official in charge.
47 As an example, in his paragraph on the "Nuqsh-bandeea", he mentions that they carry a lighted lamp, sing verses, and that "they arc generally eminent practitioners in the science of dawut, reeazut, wird wuzaet, and zikkir"; and it is a highly respectable tribe, perhaps the word in the original was "qaum". Then the categories strangely shift and we are further told that, "Fuqeers are of two classes: one termed bay-shurra (without law); the other class ba-shurra (with law)". "48 We arc given an extensive list of the intoxicating substances they ingest: "The generality of them (fuqeers) are bay-shurra, and great debauchees.