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A schematic representation of some breakdown pathways that may occur in W/O/W multiple emulsions is shown in Fig. 35. W O W W OW W OW W OW (a) (b) (c) Fig. 34: Schematic representation of three structures of W/O/W multiple emulsions. (a) one large internal droplet (Brij 30); (b) several small internal droplets (Triton X-165); (c) large number of very small droplets (3 : 1 Span 80 : Tween 80). Coalescence (a) (l) (m) (j) (k) (b) (g) (f) (i) (n) (e) (h) (d) (c) Fig. 35: Schematic representation of the possible breakdown pathways in W/O/W multiple emulsions: (a) coalescence; (b)–(e) expulsion of one or more internal aqueous droplets; (g) less frequent expulsion; (h), (i) coalescence of water droplets before expulsion; (j), (k) diffusion of water through the oil phase; (l)–(n) shrinking of internal droplets.
This produces smaller droplets. (vi) It may be useful to emulsify in steps of increasing intensity, particularly with nanoemulsions having a highly viscous disperse phase. Low energy techniques may be applied for preparation of nanoemulsions. Two methods can be applied: (i) The emulsifier is dissolved in the oil phase and the aque- 52 | 1 Cosmetics and personal care ous phase is gradually added. Initially a W/O emulsion is produced but at a critical volume fraction of the aqueous phase inversion occurs and the resulting O/W system may form sufficiently small droplets in the nanosize range.
50E+06 Time (s) Fig. 33: r3 versus t for nanoemulsions based on hydrocarbon oils. very low solubility and the hydrophobically modified inulin, INUTEC® SP1, strongly adsorbs at the interface giving high elasticity that reduces both Ostwald ripening and coalescence. 1 × 10−27 m3 s−1 . The rate for this oil is almost three orders of magnitude lower than that obtained with a nonionic surfactant, namely laureth-4 (C12 -alkylchain with 4 moles ethylene-oxide) when the nanoemulsion was stored at 50 °C.