By Anna Ritchie
Set on the western tip of Mull within the internal Hebrides, the small island of Iona is the burial position of kings and the kernel from which Christianity took root one of the pagan Picts, in addition to being a logo of Scottish independence. The island used to be additionally St Columba's selection for his non secular base in 563. This ebook tells the archaeological tale of Iona, from Columba's monastery to the island's recovery and renewal within the late-1870s, assessing the various excavations at the island itself in the wider context of Pictland and Northumbria.
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The general phenomenon Trapp highlighted is difficult to question, but we need to place this new Augustinian scholarship in its proper historical context if we desire to detect the historical basis of a renaissance of Augustine. Thus we must begin by asking what works of Augustine were available in the later Middle Ages to provide the basis for the new erudition before turning to the question of how Augustine was read. 1500 had a variety of textual resources for their knowledge of Augustine’s texts.
Nevertheless, pace Oberman, the renewed anti-Pelagianism in the later Middle Ages was not the catalyst for, nor can be identified with, the new Augustine scholarship. Bradwardine himself serves as a case in point. 60 Bradwardine had received his bachelors of theology in 1332 and was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, though he had originally matriculated in Balliol College. He may have achieved his Masters of Theology, but this is not certain. He left Oxford in 1335 to join the house of Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham.
Distinctions thirty-four to thirty-seven. Thomas’s Summa is generally considered to display a more ‘Augustinian’ position than Thomas’s Sentences commentary, at least with regard to the issues of grace and predestination,42 and thus provides a good sounding board to compare with Gregory. In these questions Thomas cited from twenty-one works of Augustine, thus displaying a broader knowledge than did Lombard, one only slightly less than Gregory. Yet Thomas was less explicit in his citations than was Gregory, citing the title and book of a passage, but not the chapter number.