By George Wypych, Jurgen Pionteck
Handbook of Antistatics, moment Edition, is the single finished guide to hide all points of antistatic brokers, together with a whole evaluate of current literature and patent info on ingredients in a position to enhancing houses of fabrics to cause them to antistatic, conductive, and/or EMI shielding.
Information at the use of additions in quite a few polymers is split into varieties and concentrations of antistatics used, the capability impression of antistatics at the polymer and different ingredients, and examples of common formulations used for processing of polymers containing the antistatic additive.
Each bankruptcy addresses particular houses and purposes of antistatic brokers, together with tools of quality controls, compatibility of antistatic brokers, and diverse polymer matrices (along with functionality implications), incorporation equipment, wellbeing and fitness and defense, and environmental implications.
- Includes every little thing engineers and fabrics scientists want to know concerning the use of antistatics in polymers, from incorporation tools, to rules and standards
- Presents a mix of up to date homes information and authoritative research of fabrics performance
- Contains targeted assurance of processing tools, giving details at the volume and sort of antistatics utilized in each one processing approach, besides the common formulations used
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About 70 ml of test liquid is heated, first rapidly, then slowly on approaching the expected flash point. Test flame is applied to the surface to ignite vapors. Test flame is natural or bottled gas flame (full description included in the standard). Test flame is applied first when the temperature is 28oC below the expected flash point and then in 2oC intervals. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapors are ignited by the test flame. If temperature increase is continued, it is possible to determine the fire point.
4 This system allows for elimination of undesirable fringing and stray capacitances. 22 Method B of the same standard was developed for very thin films. 32 The method allows one to determine the influence of moisture, heat, and radiation. Equipment and procedures are fully described in the standard. 35 The data obtained under these conditions are important for the design of transmis- 44 Typical Methods of Quality Control of Antistatics sion lines, antennas, radomes, resonators, phase shifters, etc.
Time. 8 DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE The dielectric breakdown voltage (also known as breakdown voltage) is the potential difference at which failure occurs when tested insulating material is placed between two electrodes. 3 Three methods of voltage increase from zero to breakdown voltage are used: short time method (100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000), step-by-step test (initial voltage is selected at the level of 50% of expected breakdown voltage and the voltage is increased in steps by 10% of the initial voltage), and slow rate-of-rise test (similar to step-by-step test but the steps are smaller).