By Goerg H. Michler
There are many books on electron microscopy, although, the learn of polymers utilizing EM necessitates specific concepts, precautions and training equipment, together with ultramicrotomy. This booklet discusses the overall features of some of the strategies of EM, together with scanning strength microscopy (AFM). the applying of those concepts to the research of morphology and houses, fairly micromechanical homes, is defined intimately. Examples from all periods of polymers are presented.
Read Online or Download Electron Microscopy of Polymers PDF
Best polymers & textiles books
Electroactive Polymers for Robotic Application: Artificial Muscles and Sensors
Electroactive polymers (EAPs) reply to electric stimulation with huge deformations. they're dynamic actuators that have attracted recognition from an interdisciplinary viewers of engineers and scientists. An permitting EAP expertise is rising which makes an attempt to mimic the houses of normal muscle and which, for this reason, can practice a distinct functionality in a number of biologically-inspired robotics purposes.
Self-Organized Surfactant Structures
Highlighting fresh advancements in addition to destiny demanding situations, this sequence of volumes covers such subject matters as emulsions, nano-emulsions, nano-dispersions and novel options for his or her research. It additionally considers the elemental procedure in components similar to managed unencumber, drug supply and numerous purposes of nanotechnology.
Thermal Methods of Polymer Analysis
This publication studies many of the thermal equipment used for the characterisation of polymer homes and composition. these types of tools research the houses of polymers as they modify with temperature. The tools mentioned during this publication are: differential photocalorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric thermal research, differential thermal research, dynamic mechanical research, developed fuel research, gasoline chromatography, fuel chromatography mixed with mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, microthermal research, thermal volatilisation, thermogravimetric research and thermomechanical research.
Additional info for Electron Microscopy of Polymers
Sample text
As well as a cathode with a sharpened tip, an arrangement of two anodes is used in a FEG, as illustrated in Fig. e. The first anode is positively biased by several kV with respect to the cathode. This extraction voltage V generates the field strength at the cathode that pull electrons out of the tip. The second anode accelerates the electrons to the final energy determined by the voltage V between the cathode tip and the grounded second anode. A cold FEG is an excellent point source of illumination, and may not even require demagnification action from the first condenser lens.
Although one can in principle use either electrostatic or magnetic lenses to focus a beam of electrons, magnetic rather than electrostatic lenses are preferred because they are more convenient to use and have lower aberrations, so only magnetic 22 2 Transmission Electron Microscopy: Fundamentals of Methods and Instrumentation lenses will be considered here. A homogeneous magnetic field already acts as a weak electron lens for rays with a small inclination with respect to the field direction. For practical purposes, however, magnetic lenses with short focal lengths are obtained by concentrating the magnetic field by means of pole pieces.
An image rotation (marked by the angle ϕ in Fig. ) caused by the helical paths of the electrons within the focussing magnetic field is a typical feature of the action of a magnetic lens. 3 Electron-Optical Aberrations and Resolution In addition to the simple image formation discussed before, a more realistic one must take into account electron-optical aberrations. Unfortunately it is not possible to can- Fig. 3. 2 Fundamentals of Electron Optics and Instrumentation 23 cel out or correct aberrations in electron optics simply by combining positive and negative elements of different refractive indices, as is done in light optics.