By A. Wright, C. Christopoulos
Electrical energy approach Protection offers working towards engineers with the main updated and complete one -volume reference and educational on energy method security on hand. targeting primary equipment and know-how and with vast examples drawn from present perform the world over, this e-book could be an incredible reference device for engineers concerned with and tormented by strength method protection.
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Extra resources for Electrical Power System Protection
Example text
E. lIs < Np/Ns, unless the secondary circuit has a leading power factor of less than cos 0, in which 0 is tan -1 lIe/1m and their phase errors are also positive unless the secondary circuits have a lagging power factor of less than cos (1t/2 - 0). I IIp I I Turns compensation Consideration of the equivalent circuit and the phasor diagram shown in Figs. 7 respectively shows that the excitation current (Ie) would, for a Fig. 7 Phasor diagram for a current transformer. Conventional current transformers 47 fixed burden impedance, be proportional to the secondary circuit (Is) if the excitation characteristics of its core were linear.
The alternative of using a current transformer to feed a relay, which in tum operated the trip coil, was also possible. Current transformers therefore became essential components in power systems, feeding both measuring and protective equipment. Although current transformers were probably used several years earlier, as suggested above, the first indication of their use which the authors have been able to trace was in a paper presented to the lEE in 1902 by Clothier [4]. Figure Historical background 41 Is Trip coil Fig.
The use of two co-ordinated fuses As stated earlier, some current-limiting fuselinks are unable to satisfactorily interrupt currents across the whole range from their maximum breaking capacities to their minimum fusing levels. When this is the case, it is currents somewhat above the minimum fusing level where operation is unsatisfactory. In these circumstances, a back-up fuse should be provided, the fuse characteristics being chosen to provide an overall composite characteristic of the form shown in Fig.